Positron Transmission

Positron Transmission

As the positron moves through spacetime

Physicist Richard Feynman (The Theory of Positrons,1949) showed the antiparticle to be an electron moving backward in time. He writes: “a particle moving forward in time (electron) in a potential may be scattered forward in time (ordinary scattering) or backward (pair annihilation). When moving backward (positron) it may be scattered backward in time (positron scattering) or forward (pair production).” (Phys. Rev. 76, 749 15 September 1949). Feynman then illustrated the observed cloud chamber interactions as thus:

Yôichirô Nambu (The use of Quantum Time in Electrodynamics, 1950) commented on Feynman’s theories: “The time itself loses sense as the indicator of the development of phenomena; there are particles which flow down as well as up the stream of time; the eventual creation and annihilation of pairs that may occur now and then is no creation or annihilation, but only a change of direction of moving particles, from past to future, or from future to past.” (Progress in Theoretical Physics 5, (1950) 82).

Admittedly many physicists suspect that positrons do not travel back in time, that such is merely a tool used to make equations work. However, they may be hesitant to positively state that such retrocausality does not exist at a quantum level. Consider the formation of our universe.

The Big Bang Forward

For each bit of matter created in the Big Bang, there was an equal amount of Antimatter. Stephen Hawking (2018) asks: how did a universe get created out of nothing? He imagines it is like a man digging a hole in the ground, and using the dirt to make a hill. The hole is then the negative version of the hill, the two balancing out the matter involved. He writes: “When the Big Bang produced a massive amount of positive energy, it simultaneously produced the same amount of negative energy. In this way the positive and negative add up to zero, always, its another law of nature.” (Answers to the Great Questions, 2018).

Particle Physicist Francis Edwin Close writes: “Matter and antimatter need each other to exist, despite being opposites. Why? Well, Einstein’s theory of relativity explains that all forms of matter are essentially energy trapped in a physical form – so an electron is pure energy distilled into a particle…Energy itself is neutral; while it can change forms, it can’t be created or destroyed. So when it congeals into a negatively charged electron, it must also produce the inverse: a positively charged proton. It’s a bit like digging a hole – to delve deeper into the ground, you must always pile up an equal but opposite mound of dirt. However, if matter and antimatter ever come into contact, they eliminate each other.”

Close then asks: “Now, consider this: matter and antimatter are also perfect mirrors of each other. In theory, the big bang created equal amounts of both. So, given their apparent symmetry and tendency for mutual annihilation, the substances should have canceled each other out, leaving nothing. Yet here we are, in a universe filled with matter. That raises the question: Why?”

This problem is known and recognized in numerous papers. It is called “The matter-antimatter asymmetry problem”, or the imbalance between matter and antimatter in our galaxy.

Both Stephen and Edwin suggest that this vast storage of missing antimatter may be what we call empty space, perhaps analogous to Derac’s sea of electrons, or holes. Yet empty space does not appear to be made of antimatter.

Where did the early antimatter go?

I hypothesize that the big bang did form an equal amount of matter and anti-matter; however, while the matter and everything in our observable universe moved every direction in the first three dimensions, and one direction in the fourth dimension we call time; the antimatter moved backward in time from the big bang, forming a mostly antimatter universe. In that universe, dominated mostly by antimatter, positive moving electrons are quickly annihilated by the positrons.

Other Evidence of a Reverse Big Bang

As often when attempting to invent something, I find it is already invented, or the theory already made. Two recent research groups have now posited the negative universe, though for different reasons.

Julian Barbour, Koslowski, and Mercati (Identification of a Gravitational Arrow of Time, 2014) have created a model of the universe which accurately explains its gravitational expansion. “In the atypical solutions that terminate with the center of mass moment of inertia = 0,” they explain, “there is one past and only one future… the arrow of time always points away from the center of mass” Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 181101 – Published 29 October 2014. https://physics.aps.org/featured-article-pdf/10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.181101 

Barbour (A New Theory Of Time, 2020) posits a Janus Point. As he describes it on edge.org The Universe is Not In A Box (2019): “The Big Bang, the start of time, is just a middle point in the timeline of the universe with two arrows of time pointing away from it in opposite directions” And he suggests that “maybe the Janus-point idea can suggest a new experiment that could be made.”

Unpublished thought experiments by two other physicists—Sean Carroll from California Institute of Technology in Pasadena and Alan Guth from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, show time moving in at least two different directions based on entropy alone. https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22930564-100-time-might-flow-backwards-as-well-as-forwards-from-the-big-bang/

Creating Positrons

Science Daily boasts that Livermore Lab has created “Billions Of Particles Of Anti-matter”. Hui Chen can “take a gold sample the size of the head of a push pin, shoot a laser through it, and suddenly more than 100 billion particles of anti-matter appear. The anti-matter, also known as positrons, shoots out of the target in a cone-shaped plasma “jet.” … They took a normal electron detector (a spectrometer) and equipped it to detect particles with opposite polarity as well… We’ve entered a new era,” said Peter Beiersdorfer, a lead Livermore physicist. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/11/081117193019.htm

Positrons have been created in a similar matter at Rice, UT using the Texas Petawatt Laser.  After striking a gold or platinum target with an extremely short, high wattage blast, half as many positrons are created as electrons, which are then annihilated in a fraction of a microsecond. Edison Liang and his team have interesting goals of storing antimatter via pair dominated plasma (positronium) in a magnetic container, and creating a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) of frozen antimatter, possibly be used as energy sources. https://news.rice.edu/2015/10/23/positrons-are-plentiful-in-ultra-intense-laser-blasts/ .

CERN has mixed anti-protons and positrons and trapped the anti-hydrogen in a magnetic field for 16 minutes. https://home.cern/science/physics/antimatter/storing-antihydrogen

Are Positrons Electrons moving into the past? An Experiment Proposal.

Hypothosis: Antimatter travels in time opposite to that of normal matter.

Set up:

Set up a chamber in which gold atoms can be split with a high power laser. An example setup is used at the Texas Petawatt laser in this experiment by Liang, E., Clarke, T., Henderson, A. et al.  (2015): https://www.nature.com/articles/srep13968 . Divide the emission with magnetic spectrometer, electromagnet, collimator or such setup so that the electrons go one direction and the positrons another simultaneously. Ensure the environment would allow positrons to survive both prior to and immediately after the creation of the transmission without being annihilated by interference with matter.

Set up timed detectors equidistant from the beam split, one on the side that electrons get driven to, and one on the side that positrons get driven to. Setup detector 1 to detect electrons and detector 2 to the opposite polarity to detect positrons. Ensure the timing scheme includes precise synchronization between the firing of the laser and impact of particles on each of the detectors.

Experiments:

1) Spilt the atoms with the laser and compare the timing of when the first electrons hit their detector verses when the first positrons hit theirs.

2) Switch the polarity on the detectors and repeat. You are now shooting the positrons to an electron detector.

3) Shoot the electrons and positrons straight at a timed detector without deflection. Try this with the detector polarity set first for electrons and then reversed for positrons. Subtract the time taken for the laser beam to reach the gold and the particle beam to reach the detectors at the speed of light. Compare the time it takes electrons to hit the detector verses the positrons.

Graph results of particles hitting the detectors for each experiment with time.

Analyze the results.

Experiment 1) If positrons register hitting their detector before the simultaneously created electrons hit their equidistant detector, this may indicate that the positrons traveled slightly backward in time, thus hitting their detector earlier. Positrons moving in reverse time certainly would be indicated if the detector detects the positrons even before the gold is hit with the laser. If there is no difference, than while the positrons created have an opposite spin and charge than electrons, perhaps they do not travel though time in reverse. Or can they?

Experiment 2) If a positron detector, being shot at by positrons, registers being hit by electrons, and they are hitting the detector earlier than positrons were registered hitting the positron detector in Experiment 1, this may indicate that these positrons really are electrons moving backward in time. The reason is that the electron shown hitting the detector could be a reverse moving positron; it is moving from the detector to the gold, impacting the gold, from the future, the moment the laser hits it.

Experiment 3) Determines if anything hit the detector prior to the firing of the laser. The greater the distance apart, such as in space, the easier it would be to time differences. Without a way to avoid it, I suppose it is possible that positrons moving backward in time would be annihilated by the forward moving electrons, although perhaps this would then produce a gamma ray.

What do you think will happen? Is this an adequate test? Is there a better way? Please leave comment at the end of this post with your opinion (if it’s not too cruel).

“The first step was to show that you can make enough positrons,” said David Meyerhoffer, a professor of physics and astronomy at the University of Rochester. “The next step in the research is to come up with an interesting experiment, and that’s even more challenging.” (Laser Technique Produces Bevy of Antimatter, 2008) https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna27998860

Here you go David.

If Retrocausality exists at the Quantum level.

A positron wave could be made to carry information into the past where it could be read. In radio, we modulate an electromagnetic wave of specific frequency. When the signal is received it creates matching oscillating and magnetic variations. A laser could be pulsed to write information that could be sent to the past as early as the apparatus was set up to receive it without annihilation interference.

Concerns:

Though lifesaving, such could be very valuable and dangerous technology in the wrong hands.

Can information be sent back in time II: Does entanglement travel faster than the speed of light?