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White Holes. Data collected and articulated by Evan Robinson email: ganymede2029@gmail.com
What is a Black Hole?
What is a White Hole?
What is Causality?
What does a White Hole Look Like?
Why Not White Holes?
White Hole Fireworks
White Hole Holograms
The Arrow of Time
What is a Black Hole?
Isaac Newton formulated the famous inverse square law of gravity. You know the one, "any particle of matter in the universe attracts any other with a force varying directly as the product of the masses and inversely as the square of the distance between them" Thus as two bodies separate, the gravity experienced between them is reduced by the square of that distance.
In a theory named General Relativity, Albert Einstein expanded Newton’s work to include the curvature of spacetime. Presenting Einstein's Field Equation:
On the left of the equation is the curvature of space: Rμν denotes the Ricci tensor (contracted Riemann curvature tensor), R denotes the curvature scalar (contracted Ricci tensor), Λ denotes the cosmological constant, and the gμν metric expresses the geometry of space as deviations from the flat space of Pythagoras’s theorem metric. On the right, energy, where: G is the Constant of Gravitation, Tμν denotes the stress-energy tensor of all forms of matter and energy excluding gravity. Thus the equation expresses the curvature of space and how it is effected by mass and energy. Or “the expansion of the volume of any set of particles initially at rest is proportional to (minus) the sum of the energy density and the three components of pressure” or “How energy density and pressure affect the Ricci tensor…” (Carroll). (A tensor is also an expressed relationship between groups).
Karl Schwarzschild applied Einstein’s equation to spherical objects, and further calculated the radius around a mass at which the escape velocity is equal to the speed of light.
At this spherical boundary, a surface named the event horizon, gravity would be so strong that no particles, no light, and thus no information could pass out from within. Usually such a surface lies within the near center of a star. In Sol, our sun, it occurs at about 1.9 miles from the center. However, if a massive star were to collapse to a point within its event horizon, its event horizon would occur outside of its mass. As light cannot escape from it, and from the outside we cannot see inside, it has been named a Black Hole. While starting as only a mathematical possibility, Black Holes now unquestionably exist, and may be at the center of every galaxy.
Two have now been photographed:
What is Causality?
In both Einstein’s theories of special and general relativity, causality means that an event cannot occur from a cause that cannot reach said event at the speed of light. Similarly, an event cannot have an effect beyond the future of events it can reach at the speed of light. A light cone consists of the points in the future that can be reached by light emitted by the observer plus the points in the past from which light could be reaching the observer.
As arbitrary time like paths must stay within their light cones, and they can never escape the event horizon of a black hole, then anything within a black hole can have no effect on future events. Or can it?
What is a White Hole?
The math equations that describe Black Holes also allow for other possibilities as illustrated in the Kruskal diagram, a plot which assigns some values to the equations.
Region I of the figure represents normal space with the present moment represented by Line X at T = 0. Above Line X is the future and below the past whereby normal matter travels through time up Line T. Region II is the black hole event horizon. If anything travels from region I to region II, it can never return; every future directed path in region II winds up hitting the singularity at r = 0. Region III is not reachable from our universe with present technology. Region IV is a part of space time from where every future directed path can never return once it leaves. Region IV is the event horizon of a White Hole.
A white hole is thus a time reversed solution to the Schwarzschild spherical gravity equation. While all matter passes into a black hole, unable to escape once it passes the event horizon; matter is only ejected from a white hole. Objects falling towards a theoretical white hole, if they would fall towards it at all, will never actually reach or enter the white hole’s event horizon. The white hole is the counterpart of black hole; the name comes from the definite contrast between them, not because the hole itself is white. Perhaps we can never reach a white hole, because, its always in the past. Or can we? For starters, can we see one?
What does a White Hole Look Like?
Kyle Lake (Nature 1978) says, “It has been argued that even though a stable model of a white hole requires essentially zero delay between the big bang and the inception of expansion of the white hole, one can (at least in principle) still observe certain types of white hole, most likely those which never expand beyond their ‘Schwarzschild spheres’ into our space, and which have, in fact, always been visible.
Actually a White Hole looks like: a Black Hole! It is the same thing from a different temporal viewpoint.
While some say they cannot exist, others have already seen them.
Black Holes are theoretical formed when a massive star contracts to a point smaller than its event horizon. Some say that since a star cannot collapse into a being a white hole, that white holes do not exist. Others say the only white hole was the Big Bang which started our universe. Some suggest that fragments of the Big Bang survived, and pop up now and then. White holes may be the source of currently unexplained long y-ray bursts that pop up out of nowhere. In the Revival of White Holes as small Bangs, Retter and Heller (2011) (1) state: “White holes were understood as the exact time reversal of black holes…The only known white hole is the Big Bang which was instantaneous rather than continuous or long-lasting … There is a new group of γ-ray bursts, which are relatively close to Earth, but surprisingly lack any supernova emission. We propose identifying these bursts with white holes. White holes seem like the best explanation of γ-ray bursts that appear in voids."
In White Hole Observation: An Experimental Result, Yang I . Pachankis (2022) (2) claims to present "Empirical Confirmation to the Black Hole and White hole juxtapose theory", and includes photographs of disturbances caused by white holes. “WH-BH oscillation that underlies the dark matter and dark matter halo as shown in Figure 10.”
White Hole oscillation refers to the theory that a Black Hole can become so dense, that it can no longer retain its matter. It then explodes into a White Hole, and then reforms back to a black hole again.
Carlo Rovelli White Holes (2023) suggests that primoridal (existing since the dawn of time) black holes, those old enough to have radiated away to small diameters, have turned to white holes, making up the universe's dark matter (a speculative invisible substance that accounts for the unseen mass that makes up our galaxy), and are thus present, however unseen.
Why not White Holes?
The 1st Law of Thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed. Some say that a forward operating white hole cannot exist because it defies entropy, the 2nd law of thermodynamics, which states that “for a spontaneous process, the entropy of the universe increases”.
ΔSuniverse > 0.
Entropy or randomness/disorder only increases in any closed system. In thermodynamics, this was stated to indicate that heat moves to cold. A low entropy organized ball of fire, like our sun, radiates its heat into space, increasing entropy. As Blackholes capture masses of energy and information; and then trap them behind their event horizons, they were said to have high entropy, and thus created a theoretical problem. Workarounds were found to justify the BH entropy and information paradox problems. Examples are that Quantum information is stored on the surface of the black hole and escapes on Hawking radiation. (Also black holes have a temperature, and emit gravitational waves).
As White Holes operate the opposite of Black Holes, and Black Holes are said to have entropy, skeptics then claim that White holes cannot exist as they must therefore defy entropy. However if a white hole is the eventual end of a BH, perhaps the two balance each other’s paradoxes. Order can be created out of disorder by the expenditure of effort or energy (Hawking 1996)(My comment, Stephen didn’t say this in regards to White Holes).
I wonder if a white hole ejection may look more like this:
White Hole Fireworks
Evoking Loop Quantum gravity, spin networks, dark matter and all matter of other controversial physics subjects, Rovetti et all have revitalized the subject of late. In “Black hole fireworks: quantum-gravity effects outside the horizon spark black to white hole tunneling” authors Haggard and Rovelli (2014)(3) ask: “what ultimately happens to gravitationally collapsing matter?” As summarized by Tommaso and Perez de Lorenzo (2016)(4) "A new scenario for gravitational collapse has been recently proposed by Haggard and Rovelli. Presenting the model under the name of black hole fireworks, they claim that the accumulation of quantum gravitational effects outside the horizon can cause the tunneling of geometry from a black hole to a white hole, allowing a bounce of the collapsing star which can eventually go back to infinity.” This is also the theme of Calo Rovelli’s new book, “White Holes”, an enjoyable read which covers the theory without math equations.
Notes on the before mentioned Quantum behavior terms.
A quanta is a very small thing, a packet of energy existing at the level at which a photon that has both a physical and a wavelike property. Adjacent nodes of quanta are linked together by spin, forming space, this is a spin network. It is at this level that a particle is said to have no definite position, and can thus can jump or “tunnel” to another location. How such leaps or jumps of spacetime, from one configuration to another, are linked together is described in a theory called loop quantum gravity. At the intersection of loops of LQG, the there appear nodes that represent basic units of the space.
In Bianchi et al (2018)(5) the authors explain “A black hole’s formation, evaporation, tunneling to a white hole, and final slow decay, form a unitary process that does not violate any known physics." In “Small Black/White Hole Stability and Dark Matter” Rovelli and Vidotto (2018)(6) present that a “a quantum superposition of black and white holes with large interiors is stable, because it is protected by the existence of a minimal eigenvalue of the area, predicted by LoopQuantum Gravity. These two results support the hypothesis that a component of dark matter could be formed by small black hole remnants.”
White Holes Holograms
Math has discovered that for every bit of information that goes into a BH, the BH surface area increases by 1 unit, or the Plank length squared (the Planck length is said to be the smallest measurable distance 10 to the - 35th). This is said to show quantum gravity manifest, and that three dimensional information is being stored on a two dimensional surface, thus making a Black Hole a hologram. (Perhaps it also adds a Planck of Time). Some suggest our whole universe is a hologram.
Some say that the white hole event horizon in the past becomes a black hole event horizon in the future, so any object falling towards it will eventually reach the black hole horizon.
Some say most scientists don’t think WH exist other than as a math created object (the source of this comment led to a blog celebrating the opposite); yet an Einstein–Rosen bridge, based on a tunnel between two black holes, is quite a popular subject among experts. The existence of this tunnel, it seems to me, would depend on a White Hole for the exit:
Some science papers speculate that our universe is inside a Black Hole (Pathria 1972), more recently, that we are living in a White Hole (Berman 2007). James Beacham suggests that our universe could be in a blackhole, that its growing expansion is due to information pouring in from outside our little universe; and that the sigularity of our black hole is: the "Big Bang" (Unexplainable July '24). Of course though, the "BIg Bang" was a white hole! While math may show us living in a black hole as a possibility, this would seem to imply that the edges of our universe were a black hole event horizon that we cannot cross (although it moving away faster than the speed of light is suspicious); and that we are living where normal physics may not apply.
Perhaps instead the math could be manipulated to show something I have not yet seen considered. You've probably heard our universe described as currently expanding, like its on the outside of a balloon. Rather than inside a black hole, perhaps our universe is more likely sitting on the event horizon of an expanding White Hole. We cannot go back below the horizon, or back in time; all heat, entropy and time move out from the present moment into the future we'll create. Or, rather than a 3D hologram on a black hole, our universe could be a 4D projection of a even greater inside information.
The Arrow of time
Perhaps the White Hole is just a mathematical reversal of a Black Hole that cannot exist in forward entropy time. Perhaps an antimatter universe was also created by the Big Bang, and in that universe, White Holes are the norm. How would a WH look in the time reversed universe? (Rhetorical question, however may be relevant).
Some say that the gravity near a heavy enough star could turn a series of light cones more than 45 degrees, to the point that their light can travel to the past, maybe even enough to form a closed loop (closed timelike curve or CTC, the basis of Black Hole time travel).
"When it comes to solving the mystery of the arrow of time, which is the question of why time moves in only one direction. The arrow of time may not have been caused by a "special" state of the Universe (i.e., with very low entropy) as is commonly believed. Instead, it could be a simple matter of perspective related to the 'special' location of the observers: we are out of all holes." (misplaced who said this).
References:
Alon Retter; Shlomo Heller (17 July 2011). The Revival of White Holes as Small Bangs , New Astronomy (New Astronomy ed.). 17 (2): 73–75.
(2) Yang I . Pachankis (2022).White Hole Observation: An Experimental Result , International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology: Issue: 2 Volume: 7 Page Numbers: 779-790 Publication Date: 2022
3) Haggard and Rovelli (2014) .Haggard, H.M.; Rovelli, C. Black hole fireworks: Quantum-gravity effects outside the horizon spark black to white hole tunneling. Phys. Rev. 2015, D92, 104020.
4) Tommaso De Lorenzo, Alejandro Perez (2018).Tommaso and Perez de Lorenzo Improved black hole fireworks: Asymmetric black-hole-to-white-hole tunneling scenario. Phys. Rev. D 2016, I, 124018.
5) Eugenio Bianchi, Marios Christodoulou, Fabio D'Ambrosio, Hal M. Haggard, Carlo Rovelli. “White Holes as Remnants: A Surprising Scenario for the End of a Black Hole (2018)
6) Rovelli and Vidotto (2018)., “Small Black/White Hole Stability and Dark Matter” (2018)
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