White Holes

What is a Black Hole?


Isaac Newton formulated the famous inverse square law of gravity. You know the one, "any particle of matter in the universe attracts any other with a force varying directly as the product of the masses and inversely as the square of the distance between them" Thus if you travel away from a mass, the gravity experienced is reduced by the square of that distance.

In a theory named General Relativity, Albert Einstein expanded Newton’s work to include the curvature of spacetime. Presenting Einstein's Field Equation: 


On the left of the equation is the curvature of space: Rμν denotes the Ricci tensor (contracted Riemann curvature tensor), R denotes the curvature scalar (contracted Ricci tensor), Λ denotes the cosmological constant, and the gμν metric expresses the geometry of space as deviations from the flat space of Pythagoras’s theorem metric. On the right, energy, where: G is the Constant of Gravitation, Tμν denotes the stress-energy tensor of all forms of matter and energy excluding gravity. Thus the equation expresses the curvature of space and how it is effected by mass and energy. Or “the expansion of the volume of any set of particles initially at rest is proportional to (minus) the sum of the energy density and the three components of pressure” or “How energy density and pressure affect the Ricci tensor…” (Carroll).

Karl Schwarzschild applied Einstein’s equation to spherical objects, and further calculated the radius of a mass at which the escape velocity is equal to the speed of light.

At this spherical boundary, a surface named the event horizon, gravity would be so strong that no particles, no light, and thus no information could pass out from within. Usually such a surface lies within the near center of a star. In Sol, our sun, it occurs at about 1.9 miles from the center. However, if a massive star were to collapse to a point within its event horizon, its event horizon would occur outside of its mass. As light cannot escape from it, and from the outside we cannot see inside, it has been named a Black Hole. While starting as only a mathematical possibility, Black Holes now unquestionably exist, and may be at the center of every galaxy.

Two have now been photographed:

What is Causality?

In both Einstein’s theories of special and general relativity, causality means that an event cannot occur from a cause that cannot reach said event at the speed of light. Similarly, an event cannot have an effect beyond the future of events it can reach at the speed of light. A light cone consists of the points in the future that can be reached by light emitted by the observer plus the points in the past from which light could be reaching the observer.

As arbitrary time like paths must stay within their light cones, and they can never escape the event horizon of a black hole, then anything within a black hole can have no effect on future events. Or can it? 

What is a White Hole?

The math equations that describe Black Holes also allow for other possibilities as illustrated in the Kruskal diagram.

Region I of the first figure represents normal space with the present moment represented by Line X at t = 0. Above Line X is the future and below the past whereby normal matter travels through time up Line T. Region II is the black hole event horizon. If anything travels from region I to region II, it can never return; every future directed path in region II winds up hitting the singularity at r = 0. Region III is not reachable from our universe with present technology. Region IV is a part of space time from where every future directed path can never return once it leaves. Region IV is the event horizon of a White Hole.

A white hole is thus a time reversed solution to the Schwarzschild spherical gravity equation. While all matter passes into a black hole, unable to escape once it passes the event horizon; matter is only ejected from a white hole. Objects falling towards a theoretical white hole, if they would fall towards it at all, will never actually reach or enter the white hole’s event horizon. The white hole is the counterpart of black hole; the name comes from the definite contrast between them, not because the hole itself is white. Perhaps we never can reach a white hole, because, its always in the past. Or can we? For starters, can we see one?

What does a White Hole Look Like?

Actually a White Hole looks like: a Black Hole! It is the same thing from a different temporal viewpoint.

While some say they cannot exist, some have already seen them.

White Hole oscillation refers to the theory that a Black Hole can become so dense, that it can no longer retain its matter. It then explodes into a White Hole, and then reforms back to a black hole again. 

Why not?

The 1st Law of Thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed. Some say that a forward operating white hole cannot exist because it defies entropy, the 2nd law of thermodynamics, which states that “for a spontaneous process, the entropy of the universe increases”.  

ΔSuniverse > 0.

Entropy or randomness/disorder only increases in any closed system. In thermodynamics, this was stated to indicate that heat moves to cold. A low entropy organized ball of fire, like our sun, radiates its heat into space, increasing entropy. As Blackholes capture masses of energy and information; and then trap them behind their event horizons, they were said to have high entropy, and thus created a theoretical problem. Workarounds were found to justify the BH  entropy and information paradox problems. Examples are that Quantum information is stored on the surface of the black hole and escapes on Hawking radiation. (Also black holes have a temperature, and emit gravitational waves). 

As White Holes operate the opposite of Black Holes, and Black Holes are said to have entropy, skeptics claim that White holes cannot exist as they must therefore defy entropy. However if a white hole is the eventual end of a BH, perhaps the two balance each other’s paradoxes. Order can be created out of disorder by the expenditure of effort or energy (Hawking 1996)(my comment, Stephen didn’t say this in regards to White Holes).

I wonder if a white hole ejection may look more like this:

Yes there can be

Notes on the before mentioned Quantum behavior terms.

A quanta is a very small thing, a packet of energy at the level at which a photon that has both a physical and a wavelike property. (Don’t like when the term "grain" is used, as it implies a physical object rather than energy). Adjacent nodes of quanta are linked together by spin, forming space, this is a spin network.  It is at this level that a particle is said to have no definite position, and can thus can jump or “tunnel” to another location. How such leaps or jumps of spacetime, from one configuration to another, are linked together is described by LoopQuantum Gravity.

Miscellaneous BH and WH

Math has discovered that for every bit of information that goes into a BH, the BH surface area increases by 1 unit, or the Plank length squared (the Planck length is said to be the smallest measurable distance 10 to the - 35th). This is said to show quantum gravity manifest, and that three dimensional information is being stored on a 2 dimensional surface, thus making a Black Hole a hologram. (Unless it also adds a Planck of Time). 

Some suggest our whole universe is a hologram. Some science papers speculate that our universe is inside a Black Hole (Pathria 1972), more recently, that we are living in a White Hole ( Berman 2007). While math may show these as possibilities, this would imply either that the edges of our universe were a black hole event horizon that could not be crossed, or one that nothing could enter; and that where we were living normal physics may not apply. This does not seem to describe our universe.


I think perhaps the math could be manipulated to show something not yet considered. We are more likely standing on the event horizon of a White Hole. Our universe is currently expanding. We cannot go back below the horizon; all heat, entropy and time move out from the present moment into the future we'll create. Rather than a hologram, our universe could be a 4D projection of the even greater inside.


While I thought this idea was original, has done extensive work suggesting 5D bulk gravity, or that our universe is a holographic projection of a 5D , the black hole protecting us from it. or the "the universe emerges as a spherical 3-brane out of the formation of a 5d Schwarzschild black hole."


Some say that the white hole event horizon in the past becomes a black hole event horizon in the future, so any object falling towards it will eventually reach the black hole horizon. 

Some say most scientists don’t think WH exist, other than as a math created game (the source of this comment led to a blog celebrating the opposite); yet an Einstein–Rosen bridge, based on a tunnel between two black holes, is quite a popular subject among experts. The existence of this tunnel, it seems to me, would depend on a White Hole for the exit:

The Arrow of time

 

Perhaps the White Hole is just a mathematical reversal of a Black Hole that cannot exist in forward entropy time. Perhaps an antimatter universe was also created by the Big Bang, and in that universe, White Holes are the norm. How would they operate?


Some say that the gravity near a heavy enough star could turn a series of light cones more than 45 degrees, to the point that their light can travel to the past. Through a series, even enough to form a closed loop CTC (closed timelike curve), the basis of Black Hole time travel. 


"When it comes to solving the mystery of the arrow of time, which is the question of why time moves in only one direction. The arrow of time may not have been caused by a "special" state of the Universe (i.e., with very low entropy) as is commonly believed. Instead, it could be a simple matter of perspective related to the 'special' location of the observers: we are out of all holes."

https://www.amazon.com/Guardian-Angel-Evan-Robinson-ebook/dp/B07KNXVVCN

References:

Alon Retter; Shlomo Heller (17 July 2011).  The Revival of White Holes as Small Bangs</a>New Astronomy (New Astronomy ed.). 17 (2): 73–75.

Yang I . Pachankis (2022).White Hole Observation: An Experimental Result</a> , International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology: Issue:  2 Volume:  7 Page Numbers:  779-790 Publication Date:  2022 

Haggard and Rovelli (2014) .Haggard, H.M.; Rovelli, C. Black hole fireworks: Quantum-gravity effects outside the horizon spark black to white hole tunneling. Phys. Rev. 2015, D92, 104020.

Tommaso De Lorenzo, Alejandro Perez (2018).Tommaso and Perez de Lorenzo Improved black hole fireworks: Asymmetric black-hole-to-white-hole tunneling scenario. Phys. Rev. D 2016, I, 124018.

 Eugenio Bianchi, Marios Christodoulou, Fabio D'Ambrosio, Hal M. Haggard, Carlo Rovelli.  “White Holes as Remnants: A Surprising Scenario for the End of a Black Hole (2018)

 Rovelli and Vidotto (2018)., “Small Black/White Hole Stability and Dark Matter” (2018)

Marcelo Samuel Berman1 1 Instituto Albert Einstein - Av. Candido Hartmann, 575 - # 17 and 80730-440 - Curitiba - PR - Brazil (Dated: (Last Version) 31 March 2007.) Is the Universe in a White Hole: https://arxiv.org/pdf/physics/0612007.pdf