Arduino LEDS

🔧 Typical Combo Used in Arduino Projects:

• LED: Standard 5mm Red LED
  
  

  • Forward voltage: ~2.0V
    
    

  • Current: ~20mA typical (but works fine a bit lower)
    
    

• Resistor: 220Ω
  
  

  • Keeps current around:
    (5V−2V)/220Ω≈13.6mA(5V - 2V) / 220Ω ≈ 13.6mA(5V−2V)/220Ω≈13.6mA
    
    

  • Bright enough, but also very safe for the Arduino pin (max is 40mA per pin, recommended ≤20mA)
    
    

Forward Bias: Current (hole flow) flows through the diode.